Carbon-Neutral Umrah and Hajj: Islamic Environmental Ethics, Carbon Offsetting Mechanisms, and the Sustainability Imperative of Religious Mass Tourism. HALAL — Journal of Halal & Muslim-Friendly Tourism, [S. l.], v. 1, n. 01, p. 148–167, 2026. Disponível em: https://halaljournal.id/index.php/halal/article/view/8. Acesso em: 17 apr. 2026.